Showing posts with label Write. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Write. Show all posts

How To Write A Book - A Writers Guide

Technology blog from Bangladesh

Maybe you've thought about starting a book, but you're left wondering exactly how to write a book. Perhaps you have an idea for a children's book - that's a good start. However, if you really want to write a book of your own, you need a good guide that will help you ensure it gets done and you aren't working on the same book 10 years from now.

Of course, commitment is one of the first essentials that you'll need. With commitment on your side, you have a great shot at becoming the next published author. Here is a simple writer's guide to follow that will help you go through the process of writing a good book.

Know the Subject

If you want to know how to write a book, the first step is to know the subject you'll be writing on. Go with a subject you enjoy or one that you have a lot of expertise in. Just remember, no matter the subject, you need to ensure there is a demand for that information.

Decide on the Audience

Now it's time to decide on the audience for your book. Ask yourself what the age of the children will be who are reading your work. Will this age require illustrations? You want a book that will fill a specific need. Once you know the audience, you can make sure your book caters to that audience.

Write a Short Summary

Next, write a short summary of the book. With just 1-4 sentences, summarize the entire book. This will take a bit of thinking on your part, which will help you to begin to craft the book in your mind. This summary can become your mission statement for the book to keep you focused as you write and make sure you stay on task and on subject.

Choose the Title for the Book

The next step to take if you're wondering how to write a book is to choose the title for the book. You need a title that is focused and compelling. A good title will make it easier for you to write the book and will keep you focused on the direction you're going in while you are writing.

Write Summaries for Every Character

Write down all of the characters you plan on using within your book. Then, write summaries for every character. Start out with a paragraph for each one and then build up to an entire page for each character if you are writing a longer book. The better you know the characters, the better your book will read.

Develop a List of Scenes

Another great idea to help you write a book is to develop a list of scenes. List all the scenes that are needed to turn your idea into a book. You can write this down on paper or you can put the list into a spreadsheet. Then you can use this list of scenes to guide you as you begin the writing process.

Start Writing

Now you're actually ready to begin writing. All of the previous steps will help you in the writing process. You'll have your summary, title, character summaries, and list of scenes to help you as you are doing the actual writing. Create specific times to write to ensure that you write every day if at all possible.

Take Time to Edit

When many people want to know how to write a book, they often forget about taking time to edit what they write. However, some writers make the editing phase take too long. Don't allow editing to become an exercise in procrastination. Get in there and start editing. Cut areas that are not needed in the book. Edit grammar and make any changes in the storyline that are needed. Just don't allow this to take so long that it gets you off track.

Want to know more about how to write a book?

To discover Unique, comprehensive information and Secrets that you can use for creative writing to become a top selling children's author and learn all that you need for a successful writing career, go here NOW!

http://www.creative-writing-prompts.com/

So Start Your Book Already, and Write Like the Wind

Technology blog from Bangladesh

People love to buy books that show them how to live a better life. Your experiences are unique. You have been tested and have gone through the trial by fire. You are now prepared to write your book and teach others how to find security and satisfaction, just as you were able to. And, as you help others, you create a new income stream for yourself.

Share Your Unique Experience With Others

You have something to say that no one else can say because your experience is unique. Your experience, and your book, can be a valuable example for others, something that they can learn from and perhaps copy and build on to improve their own lives.

You may think, "There are already a lot of books written on my topic, so there's not much more to say." The same could be said of love songs, but people keep writing them, and hopefully always will.

Yes, there are many books written, but I think the world would benefit from one by you. You can bring your authentic experience to the table, an experience that is unique and that connects with other people.

Your Book Meets a Need in Your Own Life

When you write a book, you not help others by sharing the lessons that life has taught you, but you also fill a need in your own life.

Writing your experiences and opinions on paper forces you to focus on what you have accomplished and learned. To put ideas into words on a page requires a thoughtful analysis of what you have done. This analysis deepens the experience for you and when written down, immortalizes the experience. Now it is forever etched in your mind and on the published page.

Writing a book is not for the faint of heart, but you will regret the time that you spend doing it. Writing a book requires such a great effort, to organize your thoughts, to edit & re-write, and to go through periods of doubt and mental stress. But by the time you finally finish, you feel a wave of relief and accomplishment wash over you. You have created something remarkable. And that feeling never really goes away.

Meet Your Two New Best Friends

I encourage you to buy two things to get started:

1.) a new spiral bound notebook, and

2.) a new pen.

These are your new "special" friends. Use them only for recording information about your book. Take them with you everywhere you go. I take my notebook to doctor's appointments, to lunch, to kids sporting events, to church, and it sits close to me when I am sleeping. Write down everything that comes to mind about your book.

Before you know it, ideas will start popping into your mind like popcorn in a microwave oven. You'll read something in a magazine, or hear someone say something in conversation, or see something in a movie, that will spark ideas or quotes for you to note in your special notebook.

Let the Journey Begin

There are few things more rewarding than writing and publishing a book.

Mark Twain said, "Really great people make you feel that you can be great too."

When you write a book, you tell your readers, "I was successful in doing this, and you can do it too."

Don't keep that book simmering inside of you. Let it out, where it belongs. Many people will have their lives enriched by the experiences that you share. You may change their world, and your own.

Terry Sprouse is author of the new book "Carve Out Your Niche: How to Live Your Passion, Write Your Book, & Help Others Change Their World;" and, the award winning "Fix em Up, Rent em Out."

Visit Terry's blog at http://www.carveoutyourniche.com/ to download a free chapter from his new book!

How To Write Children's Stories

Technology blog from Bangladesh

Wondering how to write children's stories? This niche is an exciting one and it can even be a lot of fun. Even if you have experience in other types of writing, writing stories for young readers is very different. Children often have short attention spans, meaning you have to quickly engage them and then continue to work to keep their attention through your story. It's not as easy as you may think. To help you out, here are some secrets that make a difference when you're writing for children.

Secret #1 - Remember Your Own Childhood

If you want to know how to write children's stories, one of the first secrets to keep in mind is to remember your own childhood. If you don't remember what it was like to think and feel like a child, you'll find it difficult to communicate to children with your stories. Take time to connect to your childhood. Think about the memories; remember the feelings you felt and the pleasures that you enjoyed. The more you can connect to that inner child, the easier it will be to write stories that will grab the attention of children.

Secret #2 - Read Children's Stories

Another secret that can make a big difference if you want to write for children is to spend some time reading children's stories. This is especially important if you have never written in this genre before. Reading these stories will help you to learn how these books are crafted. You'll get to know more about your audience - children. This can even help you to further connect to your inner child.

Secret #3 - Have a Way to Write Down Ideas or Images

Some of the best ideas or images can come to you when you are nowhere near your computer. This means that you need to have a way that you can write down any ideas or images that come to mind. If you want to learn how to write children's stories, it's important that you make the most of all your ideas. Get in the habit for writing everything down. Have a system for keeping these images and ideas organized as well. This way you can incorporate them into your writing.

Secret #4 - Consider Taking a Writing Workshop

Attending conferences for writers of children's books is another great idea. There are also writing workshops for writers interested in writing children's books. If you don't already have experience in this genre of writing, you may want to consider taking a writing workshop. This will give you a great way to learn more about this type of writing from some of the best in the business.

Secret #5 - Invest in a Suitable Writing Course

There are many courses available that cover this topic. Go for a really in depth and comprehensive course to make sure that everything you need to learn is covered in the written material. A really informative course means that nothing is missed out and your chances of success will be greater.

Using these secrets can aid you in being successful, but there is more to learn. Make use of these great tips and ideas and be ready to do more research on this field of writing so you have all the information you need to become successful at writing books for children.

Following the right advice and information means you will know how to write children's stories and become one of the established authors too.

Want to know more about how to write children's stories?

To discover Unique, comprehensive information and Secrets that you can use for creative writing to become a top selling children's author and learn all that you need for a successful writing career, go here NOW!

http://www.creative-writing-prompts.com/

How to Write a Novel - Step One: Determining Your Motivations

Technology blog from Bangladesh

Why would anyone write a novel? It is a long and arduous process to create a piece of quality work. It could easily take a year or more of agonizing over your keyboard to get all of the characters, plotlines, and descriptions just right. You will need to find people who will proofread drafts of your writing and give you honest and constructive feedback. In addition, you never know what will happen to the finished product. Most, if not all, writers want to see their novel get published, but there is no guarantee that will happen. The current outlook in the publishing industry is rocky, and the writers able to find an agent who will represent their work and see it through publication and into the hands of readers must have a combination of skill, talent, perseverance, faith, and luck. Most amateur writers simply watch their novel languish in obscurity never to reach the mass audience of their hopes and dreams.

Given all these challenges and discouraging factors, you would think that very few people would actually buckle down and write their first novel, but they do, every year by the thousands and the hundreds of thousands. It's remarkable, really, when you think about it, and you've decided that you're going to join them. You have a story to tell that's been floating around in your head, and you're finally going to take that next, big step. You're going to sit down and write your first novel. But how do you do it? How do you write a compelling, original, well-crafted novel that people are going to want to read?

There is no, single, correct answer to that question, since there is no, single, correct way to go about writing a novel. There are as many different ways as there are different writers. To help the would-be novelist, though, I have developed an eight-step plan that anyone can follow in order write a successful first novel. The process is too lengthy to cover in one article, so this will be the first in a series of articles that addresses this topic fully. Once that series of articles is ended, subsequent articles will help you navigate the tricky maze that is finding an agent and getting your novel published. This article will discuss the first step in writing your novel.

Step one is to determine your motivations for writing your book. This is important because it will help you determine how to write it as well as what to do with it once you have it written. You might be writing this novel just for the fun of it or just to be able to say that you did it. You may have a story inside you that you have to get out. You might want to touch people and move them with the power of characters, your themes, and your ideas. You might have come up with an original premise and have visions of becoming the next J.K. Rowling. This may be the culmination of something that you've been dreaming or planning on doing for many years. There are endless possible reasons, and a person could have a number of these reasons combined, but it is important that you get very clear right now on what your motivation or motivations are and even write them down. This will influence and affect every step of the way that follows. Once you've done this, you'll be ready to read the next article and move onto step two: Determining your writing style, routines, and best practices.

I have been writing for the past twenty years, and I had always dreamed of one day writing a novel and having it see print. My debut novel, A Far Cry, will be released in February of 2012. It is a young adult action/adventure story and the first novel in a projected series of three novels. I am currently writing a series of articles to help aspiring authors write their first novel and attempt to get an agent and get it published.

To Write Excellent Children's Stories, Your Characters Must Evolve

Technology blog from Bangladesh

Perhaps the act of forgiveness, true forgiveness, is the ultimate example of taking a second look. In this process three critical participants in the story evolve:

1. The character taking the second look evolves by opening his mind to another and to greater depths of the person "looked at"

2. The character being looked at also changes in the minds of the reader/observer as a newer deeper component of them is revealed to us

3. The reader evolves as he experiences these revelations along with the characters. Indeed the reader may well be brought along for this second look just like a character in your story.

Characters can "evolve" simply by revealing aspects of themselves that we may not at first be allowed to see. Although perhaps not a true evolution because the part revealed to us was there all along, the effect on the reader is much the same.

For example, in Katherine Patterson's wonderful Bridge to Tarabithia (a truly remarkable children's book that takes chance and delivers powerfully), I am particularly drawn to the character of the father. At first blush, he seems a somewhat heartless and unfeeling character - maybe even one of the "monsters" of Taribithia. Yet, when we see him respond to the tragedy of the death of Leslie and comfort his son Jess, a new side of him is revealed. We are treated to a similar wonderful revelation from Jess's teacher Mrs. Meyers.

After these revelations of true depth, tenderness, and feeling, we cannot think of these characters the same way again. Revealing a deeper side of a character who, it turns out, is not quite the character we first expected, can be one of the most powerful aspects of writing. It can only happen a few times in a given story, but if you reflect on various stories you have enjoyed, you will find that many of them have such eye-opening moments. Here are a few across genres:

-Literature. Ebenezer Scrooge awakening on Christmas morning a changed man.
-Film. Captain Von Trapp, whose heart is softened by the "sound of music."
-Pop Song. Leader of the Pack. "They told me he was bad, but I knew that he was sad."

I personally cannot write without character evolution, and my writing seems empty without it.

In my first published book, which was about stranger danger, a child learned that we could not judge people by appearances. In my second, a young dinosaur learned not to, quite literally, judge another triceratops by its stripes. In my third book, young Tommy and his friends open themselves up to possibilities both around them and within them that "older and wiser" minds may have shut out.

There might be some who would say that a children's story should be simple with stock predictable characters. I think this sells our (child) reader short. By the time a child can read, she has already come to understand learning, change, the complexities of friendship and relationships, the many components of friends (and certainly parents and siblings!). Give them characters that grow and evolve. They deserve them. They will understand them, and perhaps even grow with them.

Rick Alimonti is nationally and internationally recognized as an expert it Aviation Law, and his law firm has clients throughout the US and Europe. He has always loved airplanes and aviation and became a private pilot in 1994. He has a passion for teaching and promoting legal ethics and speaks and published several times a year on legal ethics.

Rick's children's books focus on character growth and understanding. It could be said that his characters evolve and learn to see the possibilities within themselves and others. In Tommy and the T-Tops, a picture book for children published in 2009, a young dinosaur learns that the striped triceratops from distant heard can teach quite a lot to his green-colored herd. In the Fix-It Shop, Tommy Jameson and other characters come to accept that life has possibilities beyond the ordinary. Tommy, in particular, learns of the strength and magic that was with him all along - even if he never escapes the confines of his wheelchair.
For more Information go to: http://www.alimontibooks.com/

How To Write a Novel Set In Another Time

Technology blog from Bangladesh

Whatever time period you chose for your next best seller, it has to be set somewhere and if the book isn't a contemporary one, then you and you alone have to make it feel real. Gather up any information you can, whether it's on the web or in a library or from your own books, and jot down notes or copy everything you can get your hands on. For instance, if your book is to be set in Ancient Egypt, then study hieroglyphics, monuments and pyramids, and even all you wanted to ever know about mummy making (as an example).

Some writers love to "method write". This is just about the same way that method actors get into their roles. Be an Ancient Egyptian for a day, if your novel is set in Thebes. This may seem a bit obvious but you have to really get a handle on it and be correct about what was used, spoken about, eaten, etc. in that particular era. What food did the people eat back then? The Ancient Egyptians used to think that our brains were useless and that the heart was the center of everything. Think about what the common people of the day used to smell, and how they used to feel. Use both your brain and your heart.

Write a good outline first to see if your timeline will work and add interesting facts that you can use as you go along. Key your characters' names and title your book from some important things you find out about your novel's setting and time period. For instance, for a novel about Ancient Egypt you can use real Egyptian cities like Thebes, along with its former name of Wasset, which lends authenticity to your descriptions. If you are writing Sci-Fi then using a newly created name from New York, such as Neo York.

Names are extremely important and they can help develop personalities Research names used for men and women in the period you are writing about. When you know the meaning of the name you can give your character a few of those traits and this helps build a genuine person in the reader's eyes. If they have empathy towards your character, then you've hooked them. If your thriller set in Ancient Egypt has a good name drawn from authentic writing of the period, such as Going Forth By Day is from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, or an intrigung one like The Mummy Maker's Daughter, then that keys into a serial killer being the villain.

Also important is the fact that even though you have good and evil people in your book, never make them one dimensional. If you are writing about a serial killer called Thoth in ancient Egypt then give him a few good traits such as being in love with the heroine, Meryneith. If you have a Nubian police chief called Kemsa in love with Meryneith as well, break up the relationship by introducing a stumbling block or two -- such as an evil slave owner called Quasshie and a corrupt police major by the name of Aapep (whose name means moon snake in Ancient Egyptian). See how it works?

If you'd like to find out more about how to write a best seller set in another time, then visit the author's website and pick up more useful tips and info and see exciting excerpts from his new novel, The Mummy Maker's Daughter.

How to Write Horror

Technology blog from Bangladesh

Horror as a genre encompasses many kinds of stories. Gore-filled 'slasher' stories featuring psychopathic murderers, quiet tales of psychological disturbance, and horrifying tales of the supernatural are just a few examples of what can be found under the auspices of horror fiction. In this article, we will discuss how to write horror fiction.

The kind of horror you write will largely depend on what kind of horror you personally find effective. Although that which horrifies is not entirely subjective, it goes without saying that many will find certain features of one horror story captivating, while others find it ineffective. So we might be inclined to ask the more general question, "What makes for an effective horror tale?" What readers generally identify as valuable in a tale of horror, whether it be a tale of secret murder or supernatural vampirism, is an element of intrigue or suspense.

If we were to examine the most popular and effective tales of horror, we would find very few that did not maintain a sense of suspense. Stories which divulge their most interesting point, or their most blood-curdling chill at the beginning of the narrative tend to fall flat, because the sense of building tension is deflated, relinquishing the story's power to captivate the reader. Suspense can be cultivated in a massive variety of ways - the crucial factor in writing a suspenseful horror tale is for the writer to maintain an awareness of how the dynamic of his or her suspenseful tale is unfolding, and to never give away too much information too soon (if at all).

Suspense in one of its simplest of forms can be built by narrating alarming events (such as murders) in which the identity of the evil-doer is ambiguous. This is one of the oldest and most common methods of suspense building, in both literature and cinema. It is the basic foundation of nearly all murder mysteries. You probably recall some book or film featuring a group of strangers, one of whom is likely to be the secret murderer, but nobody has enough information to be sure who is trustworthy. Ask yourself why it is that despite the horrific mass murders of dictators throughout human history people are more intrigued and horrified by stories about Jack the Ripper, a far less prolific killer? The answer is ambiguity. Nothing quite fuels that primal sense of horror more effectively than knowing that we are missing valuable information in potentially dangerous situations.

A palpable sense of tension can also be built by the suggestion that some evil entity, whether a ghost or a murderer, encroaches ever closer to the protagonist of the story. As the narrative unfolds in the reader's mind, so too does the unseen malefactor draw ever closer. This can be effected through many means, one being proximity. For example, a story involving a man trying to solve his wife's death may encounter a voodoo fetish being left in his bedroom as he comes closer to discovering the truth. This suggestion of proximity or closeness indicates to the reader just how real the character's personal danger has become, and therefore contributes to an escalation in tension.

So whether your story of horror is about ghosts, ghouls or just the horrors of everyday existence, you would be well-advised to be mindful of the amount of information you keep from your readers in order to prolong suspense. This is not to say you cannot suggest - let your reader use their imagination, because ultimately this is where the magic is happening. Thinking about what you would be thinking and feeling as the reader will go a long way in helping you to write horror.

If you're interested in learning more about the craft of creative writing, or if you just want some ideas for stories, have a look at this free story generator.

Small Business Newsletter: How to Write One?

Technology blog from Bangladesh

Even small businesses will need the services and benefits that a business newsletter can give. This is a way to let the people know about new items, products or services. This is small business' way to introduce it to a particular person, group of people or other businesses as well. The best way to make a small business newsletter is not to make it 100% marketing. Though it is an effective marketing tool, you should not make it as though you are marketing the product or service. Make it as informative as possible. It should only appear as though you are letting the people know more about the product or service that your business has.

For a small business, the newsletter should always start with 'Dear Friends'. This will make the letter friendly and can make the readers feel comfortable with reading the letter. As your first newsletter, it is important to go directly to the point. Just simply inform the people that the business is coming up with new products or services. And then, introduce the product or service to them by giving a bit of information. This will let the readers know more of what you are talking about. Always consider your readers. Make sure that you are writing in the most comfortable way that the readers will read your letter.

Make sure that you are writing in a friendly and conversational manner. This will make it easy for your letter to connect quickly to the reader. Make it as interesting as possible. A communication letter should be written in an informative and friendly manner. But of course, do not forget to add a pinch of sales pitch to the letter. This way, you can possibly attract the people to try out what you are offering. If it is your first time to create a newsletter for your small business, this may appear to you as an experiment. But when you have seen its results, you will definitely want to create some more.

There are simple ways to create a newsletter for your small business. There are online templates which can somehow give you a pattern on how to create one. You can also get tips and methods on how to create an effective newsletter. There are even websites that teaches the basics of making this type of letter. You just need to know the basic principles so that you can create a valid and effective newsletter.

For many business people, newsletters are only for big companies. This is totally wrong. Any type of business whether big or small will need the help of this type of letter to boost up their visibility in the business world. This will also let the people know that a certain product or business exists. So, start experimenting on your first newsletter for your small business and gain the benefits of it in the near future. This has been a tried and tested technique for all types of businesses around.

Find out more info about Newsletter Marketing with my top recommended News Letter and learn more from the Business Newsletter authority site here as well with http://newslettermarketingsystems.com.au/.

So You Want to Write a Novel!

Technology blog from Bangladesh

There are as many ways to write a novel as there are authors. Some authors are precious about their methods and procedures. Many authors go to University or College to learn how to write a novel. I am not giving courses a hard time but the important thing for most people, if they want to write a novel is that they write something. If you feel you need to polish up on writing or language skills or learn some new ones find the information from the best source that you have available.

Remember, no one learns to swim without getting into the water. It is the same with writing. Just give it a go! Practice the different parts of the process until you are happy with the result and like swimming a good coach will help you achieve quickly.

Read as widely as your time permits. I have found that I like some writers and not others. Their writing style, characters, or other factors interest me and I learn from them. Read different genres, it will broaden your outlook. I find that I now enjoy a greater variety of writers than I did before I started writing.

You can learn something from everybody and the local library will become a place of interest and excitement. Never be afraid that you might learn something new.

My view is that it does not matter where you start but that you finish what you start. There are no hidden secrets to the craft. Since writing is based on language use, the first consideration is that you write in a language that you are most comfortable. Having a high-level understanding of grammar makes the process easier as there is less editing required at the end. There are many people who can translate your novel into another language, if you do not know the language well enough. But remember, you first need to write!

Many people have told me that they have always wanted to write a book but do not have the time. Perhaps it is not a priority for them. Typically, a novel will have 70,000 to 120,000 words. Most people use a computer or laptop to prepare the information. To reduce errors in spelling and grammar, activate the spell-checker and grammar checker when writing. It saves time later. Each person enters information into a computer at different speeds. For me, when I am on a roll and have the plot in my head, I enter about 1,000 words per hour, so I need to allocate over 100 hours for the first draft of a typical novel. The more I write the quicker the words roll out!

Write regularly so that you retain the interest and learn from your mistakes.

The easiest way to kill the emerging novel is to be critical of it early. Finish the novel first. There will be sufficient time to polish it into the work that it was meant to be later.

It is pleasing when the words, 'The End' appear, but do not be fooled there is much work to be done.

Reading and writing are two great pastimes. I enjoy them both. My works are now available in Kindle and Paperback editions. They can be found through http://vur.me/giver2000/DNBOOKS
If you have any comments, please email me at DNivala@gmail.com.

Write What's Right for You

Technology blog from Bangladesh

Writing can sound very easy on the surface. Fiction or non fiction, there are countless subjects in the world that everyone can give their two cents on. Once you sit down and start pounding away at those keys though, you will start to realize the words don't always cascade across the screen at an amazing speed.

Luckily, this can be rectified by writing about things you are familiar with. If you're experienced at building things for example, you will probably find it easier to write about building a project, and the tools involved, than building an entire book about the history of the paper industry. Not that you couldn't write about that if you wanted to. With enough research, you could certainly produce such a book with almost no prior knowledge.

Writing outside what you know can be very difficult though. As most people who have written a book can attest to, even completing writing about things you know can be arduous at times. If you're barely sticking your head into the world of writing, you are in for a wild ride. It's amazing how difficult writing a bunch of words about something can be. As the page count grows, the job itself becomes heavier. Sometimes you run out of steam, and don't know where else to go with it. Or you could meet up with the notorious writer's block. There are many road blocks that could show up between typing that first word, and the long trip to reach the ending phrase.

I've always loved fantasy books, and so I chose to write them too. I had boundless ideas as I started writing, but some days it was hard to even type out a single sentence. When I think of choosing to write something I wasn't familiar with instead, I shiver at how hard it would have been.

If you want to write about something you aren't very familiar with, the best piece of advice I could give you is to get familiar with it. Even if it delays you beginning, take some time and learn about it. See what other people who write about it have to say. Trying to write about something you know little about, and just learning as you go along, can have damaging effects on your writing. It can become fragmented, and the cohesiveness of the writing as a whole can suffer.

Writing is a great tool that allows us to share thoughts and ideas with the world. However, if you believe it to be an easy thing to do, you've got another thing coming. Just like many people drop out of college before completing their degrees, many people drop out of writing before reaching the end. Lessen the chances of that by starting with what you know. It will make this difficult task a little easier to manage, and build your confidence until you can write with the best of them.

I'm Benjamin C. Andrews, an author sharing my writing knowledge with others. Visit http://magicjarpublishing.blogspot.com/ for more writing tips and tricks, and other quality information.